When message symbols have unequal probabilities, the cost of transmission can be compressed to a precise mathematical limit.

This paper discusses the application of information-theoretic concepts to the backward filtering of time series using moving averages. We identify moving averages as time-dependent expectation values ...

The second law of thermodynamics is one of those puzzling laws of nature that simply emerges from the fundamental rules. It says that entropy, a measure of disorder in the Universe, must always ...